Us History Industrial Age free essay sample

Iron was driven by demand for iron rails for railroads. Steel was developed by Henry Bessemer and William Kelly. It converted iron into versatile steel. Steel benefited the use of locomotives, steel rails, and girders for tall construction buildings. Steel can be used for coal. Together they can make furnaces and other technology well-built. The Airplane and the Automobile These two technological innovations had the farthest reaching impact in the US. Creation of gas helped powered engines. This invented fueled oil.Nicolas August Otto created gas-powered four-stroke engine, which was a precursor to automobile engines. The Wright Brows. Intended the first airplane and tested it near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Design came from France and the US approved of the new technology for transportation. Many were built and used for many purposes. It was a significant presence in Europe during World War 1. Research and Development The rapid development of new industrial technologies have made great changed in industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Us History Industrial Age or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were emergence of laboratories where people research technology that can be made using electricity and fuel.Engineers in and out of universities became tied up with research and development agendas of corporations. Some Europeans joined with American engineers in corporate research and development laboratories. The Science of Production The growth of automobile and other industries were changes in techniques of production. Industrialists began embracing Tailors after theoretician Frederick Winslow Taylor. He argued the possible change to manage human behavior to make it compatible with demands of the machine age. With more tasks of working men, production will increase.The most important change in production in technology in the industrial era was the emergence of mass production and, along with it, the moving assembly line, which Henry Ford introduced in his automobile plants in 1914. There was an emergence of automobile production where England works on motors for engines. Some motors were used by electricity or by fuel. Henry ford introduced his Model T and had become a standard for many other industries. Railroad Expansion and the Corporation The principal agent of industrial development in the late nineteenth century was the expansion of railroads.They gave industrialists access to distant markets and distant sources of raw materials. Largest businesses and created new forms of corporate organization. They were biggest investors, stimulating economic growth through their own expenditures on construction and equipment. Rockefeller had expanded only horizontally. But soon he began expanding vertically. He built his own barrel factories, terminal warehouses, and pipelines. Standard Oil owned freight cars and developed its own marketing organization.He had established such dominance within petroleum industry that too much of the nation he served as a leading symbol of monopoly. Survival of the Fittest The new industrial economy was not shrinking opportunities for individual advancement. It was providing every individual with a chance to succeed and attain great wealth. Most tycoons continued to claim that they attained their wealth and power through hard work, acquisitiveness, and thrift. Those who succeeded, they argued, deserved their success, and those who failed had earned their failure through their own laziness, stupidity or carelessness.Assumptions became the basis Of a popular social theory of the late nineteenth century: Social Darwinism, the application of Charles Darnings laws of evolution and natural selection among species to human society. Just as only the fittest survived in the process of evolution, the Social Darwinist argued. So in human society only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the marketplace. The Gospel of Wealth Some businessmen attempted to temper the harsh philosophy of Social Darwinism with a gentler, if in some ways equally self-serving idea: the gospel of wealth. People of great wealth, had not only great power but great responsibilities. The notion of private wealth as a public blessing existed alongside another popular concept: the notion of great wealth as something available to all. Horopito Alger was the most famous promoter Of the SUCCeSS story. He is a writer that wrote novels that had a basic story of one starting off s nothing and then becoming as something extraordinary. The purpose of his writing was twofold. He wanted to influence upon social classes with writing, which will hopefully inspire them to achieve. Alternative Visions Alongside the justifications for great wealth stood a group of alternative philosophies, challenging the corporate ethos and at times capitalism. Lester Frank Ward, a sociologist argued that civilization was not governed by natural selection but by human intelligence, which was capable of shaping society. Other Americans adapted more radical approaches to reform. Other radicals aimed a wider following. Henry George blamed social problems on the ability of few monopolists to grow wealthy as a result of rising land values.He proposed a single tax on land, to replace all other taxes, which would return the increment to people. The tax would destroy monopolies, distribute wealth more equally. The Problems of Monopoly A few Americans shared their views Of those who questioned about the capitalism. People started to be concerned about the growth of monopoly. Wide range of groups had begun to assail monopoly and economic concentration. They blamed monopoly creating high prices. Monopolistic industries could charge whatever prices they wished; railroads, in particular, charged very high rates along some routes because, because they had no choice.The Immigrant Work Force Industrial work force expanded in the late nineteenth century. Expansion was a massive migration into industrial cities. First: Continue flow of rural Americans into factories, towns, and cities. Second: Was the great wave Of immigration from abroad. Many immigrants came from Canada, Europe, Asia etc. They industrialized work force. New immigrants were coming to America in part to escape poverty and oppression in their homelands. Europeans emerged as a major source of labor for mining industry.Chinese and Mexicans competed with Anglo-Americans and African Americans in mining, farm work, and factory labor in California, Colorado and Texas. Wages and Working Conditions The average income of American workers was $400 to $500 a year. Workers did not have much job security. All were vulnerable to the boom-and-bust cycle of the industrial economy. Some lost their jobs because of technological advances. American laborers faced hardships. First-generation workers accustomed to the patterns Of the patterns Of agrarian life. Most factory errors worked ten-hour days, six days a week; in steel industry. The decreasing need for skilled work in factories induced many employers to increase use of women and children. Women worked in all areas, even in some of the most arduous jobs. Most who worked were unskilled and semiskilled. Textile industry remained the largest industrial employer of women. Children worked at factories with a maximum workday of ten hours. Emerging Unionization Laborers attempted to fight back against such conditions by creating national unions. There had been craft unions in America, representing small groups of skilled workers. Individual unions could not hope to exert significant power in the economy.And during the turbulent recession years of the sass, unions faced the additional problem of widespread public hostility. The great railroad strike was Americas first major, national labor conflict. The Knights of Labor The first major effort to create a genuinely national labor organization was the founding in 1 869 of the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor, under the leadership of Uriah S. Stephens. The Knights hoped to replace the wage system with a new cooperative system, in which workers would control a large part of the economy. The Knights remained a secret fraternal organization. The Terrace V. Powdery leadership order moved into the open and entered a period of spectacular expansion. Local unions/assemblies associated with the Knights launched a series of railroad and other strikes in the sass in defiance of Powdery s wishes. The FALL Before the Knights began to decline, a rival association appeared. Samuel Compeers, a powerful leader of FALL, concentrated on labors immediate objectives: wages, hours, and working conditions. FALL demanded a national eight-hour workday and called for a general strike if the goal was not achieved by May 1, 1886.Chicago, a center a labor and radical strength, a strike was already in progress at the McCormick Harvester Company. To most middle-class Americans, the Homemaker bombing was an alarming symbol of social chaos and radicalism. The Homestead Strike The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers was the most powerful trade union in the country. Its members were skilled workers, in great demand by employers, and thus had long been able to exercise significant power in the workplace. Demand for skilled workers was in decline as new production methods changed the stalemating progress.Carnegie and his first lieutenant, Henry Clay Erick, had decided that the Amalgamated had to go. Over the next two years, they repeatedly cut wages at Homestead. The Pullman Strike A dispute of greater magnitude, if less violence, was the Pullman strike in 1894. The Pullman Palace Car Company manufactured railroad sleeping and parlor cars, which it built and repaired at a plant near Chicago. Pullman was constructed a 600-acre town. Many people rented it and many industrial workers saw the town as a model. Workers went on strike and persuaded the militant American Railway Union, to support them by refusing to handlePullman cars and equipment. With federal troops protecting the hiring of new workers and with the union leaders in a federal jail, the strike quickly collapsed. Sources of Labor Weakness The last decades of the nineteenth century were years in which labor, despite militant organizing efforts, made few real gains. Industrial wags rose hardly at all. Labor leaders won a few legislative victories-abolition of the Contract Labor Law, the establishment of an eight-hour day for government employees, compensation for some workers injured on the job, and others.Many laws were not enforced. There were widespread strikes and protests ND many other workingwomans forms of resistance, large, small, but few real gains. Workers failed to make greater gains for many reasons. The principal labor organizations represented only a small percentage of the industrial work force; the FALL the most important, excluded unskilled workers, and along with them most women, blacks, and recent immigrants. Another source of labor weakness was the shifting nature of the work force. Many immigrant workers intend to earn some money and then return home. They had no long-range future in the country eroded their willingness to organize. Above al, perhaps, workers made few gains because they faced corporate organizations of vast wee lath and power, which were generally determined to crush any efforts by workers to challenge their prerogatives. Chapter 18: The Age of the City The Migrations Americans left the declining agricultural regions of the East at a dramatic rate in the late nineteenth century. Those left developed farmlands at the West. Most moved the cities of the east and the Midwest. Southern blacks left rural America for industrial cities in the sass.Some were escaping poverty, debt, violence, and oppression they faced in the rural south. The most important resource of urban population growth was the arrival of great numbers of new immigrants. The Ethnic City Most of the population of the major urban areas consisted of immigrants. In other countries experiencing heavy immigration in this period, most of the new arrivals were coming from one or two sources. But in the US, no single national group dominated. Most of the new immigrants were rural people and for many the adjustment to city life was painful.Ethnic neighborhoods offered newcomers much that was familiar. They could find newspapers and theaters in their languages, stores selling their native foods, and church and arterial organizations that provided links with their national posts. The cultural cohesiveness of the ethnic communities clearly eased the pain of separation from the immigrants native lands. Some ethnic groups advanced economically more rapidly than others. One is by huddling together in ethnic neighborhoods, immigrant groups tended to reinforce the cultural values of their previous societies.Immigrants who aroused strong racial prejudice among native-born whites found it difficult to advance whatever their talents. Assimilation and Exclusion Virtually all groups among the immigrant communities had certain things in moon. Most shared the experience of living in cities. Most were young; majority of newcomers were between 15 and 45 years. Most of foreign born had to compete against another powerful force: the desire for assimilation. Native-born Americans encouraged immigrants to assimilate in countless ways.Public schools taught children in English and employers often insisted workers speak English on the job. The government had concerned about immigration. The Creation of Public Space Among the most important innovations of the mid-nineteenth century were great city parks, which reflected the desire of growing number Of urban adders to provide an antidote to the congestion of the city landscape. Parks would allow city residents a healthy, restorative escape from the strains of urban life with the natural world. Frederick Law Limited and Calvert Faux designed New Works Central Park. They created a public space that would look as little like the city as possible. Central park was from the start one of the most popular and admired public spaces in the world. At the same time some cities created great parks, art museums, concert halls, and opera houses. Cities made effort to redesigning existing landscapes. The Search for Housing One of the greatest problems was providing housing for thousands of new residents who were pouring into cities each day. The availability of cheap labor reduced cost Of building and permitted anyone with even a moderate income to afford a house.Some of the richest urban residents lived in palatial mansions located in exclusive neighborhoods in the heart of each city. Most urban residents could not afford their own house in the city or move to suburbs. They stayed in city centers and rented. The first tenements had been hailed as great improvement in housing for the poor. Most in fact were ascribable places with no windows and no plumbing or heat. Urban Technologies: Transportation and Construction urban growth posed transportation challenges. People needed to move every day from one part of the city to another.Street cars on tracks by horses were introduced. Horse cars were not fast enough so many places developed new forms of mass transit. Such as in New York, it opened its first elevated railway, steam-powered trains. New York, Chicago and San Francisco experimented with cable cars. Boston opened the first American subway. One of the great technological marvels of the 1 sass was the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. Cities grew upward. The construction of the skyscraper was made and elevators were created. Fire and Disease Ares destroyed large downtown areas.Chicago and Boston suffered great fires in 1871. Others experienced similar disasters. These fires were terrible but were most important events in the development of the cities involved. Constructors encouraged fireproof buildings and the development of pro fire departments. They also forced cities to rebuild at a time when new technological and architectural innovations were available. A greater hazard than fire was disease in poor neighborhoods with inadequate sanitation acclivities. But an epidemic that began in a poor neighborhood could spread easily into other neighborhoods as well.Municipals recognized improper sewage disposal and water contamination to diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera; many cities lacked adequate systems for disposing Of human waste until well into the ;ninetieth century. Flush toilets and sewer systems began to appear in the sass but did not solve the problem as long as sewage continued to flow into open ditches or streams, polluting cities water supplies. Environmental Degradation Modern notions of environmental science were unknown to most Americans n the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Environmental degradation of many American cities was a visible and disturbing fact of life in those years. The frequency of great fires, the dangers of disease and plague, the extraordinary crowding of working-class neighborhoods were all examples of environmental costs of industrialization and rapid arbitration. Improper disposal Of human and industrial waste was a common feature Of almost all large cities in these years. Air quality in many cities was poor as well. By 20th century reformers were crusading to improve environmental conditions.New sewage and drainage systems were created to protect drinking water from sewage disposal. The Fed created the Public Health Service to treat occupational diseases like tuberculosis and other trades. Urban Poverty, Crime, and Violence The expansion of the city spawned widespread and often desperate poverty. Public agencies and private organizations were poorly funded and in any case dominated by middle-class people who believed that too much assistance would breed dependency. Most tried to restrict aid to the deserving poor. Charitable organization conducted investigations to separate deserving room undeserving. Middle-class people grew alarmed over the rising of poor children in the cities, some were orphan or runaways. Poverty and crowding bred crime and violence. American murder rate rose rapidly in the late nineteenth century. Some middle class people feared urban insurrections and felt the need for more substantial forms of protection. Urban National Guard built imposing remarries and stored large supplies of weapons and ammunition in preparations for uprisings.The city Was a place of strong allure and great excitement. But it was also a place of degradation and exploitation. The Machine and the Boss For many residents of inner cities, the principal source of assistance was the political machine. It is a power vacuum that the chaotic growth of cities created. It was a product of optional voting power of large immigrant communities. Out of that combo emerged urban bosses. The function was simple: to win votes for his organization. Machines were also vehicles for making money. The most corrupt city boss was William M.Tweed, boss of New York Citys Tammany Hall, whose extravagant use of public funds on projects that paid kickbacks to the organization landed him in jail in 1872. Patterns of Income and Consumption Incomes were rising in highly uneven rates. Salaries of clerks, accountants, and other white-collar workers rose by an average of a third between 1 890 and 1910. Doctors, lawyers, and other pros experienced a dramatic increase in both prestige and profitability of their professions. Working-class incomes rose too. Rising incomes created new markets for consumer goods. Affordable products and new merchandising techniques soon made many consumer goods available to mass market for the first time. An example of good change was ready-made clothing. Buying and preparing food became a critical part of new consumerism. The development of cans created an industry devoted to selling canned food and condensed milk. Changes brought improved diets and better health. Chain Stores, Mail-order Houses and Department Stores Changes in marketing altered the way Americans bought goods. Chain stores could offer a wider array of goods at lower prices than the small local stores which competed. Large cities emerged great department stores. It helped transform buying habits and turned shopping into a more alluring and glamorous activity. Chicago created the first American department stores-a place to produce a sense of wonder and excitement. Such stores where emerged in New York, Boston, and other cities. Women as Consumers Womens clothing styles changed more rapidly than mens, which encouraged more frequent purchases. The bought and prepared food for their families, so new food products did not only change but also the way everyone ate and the way women shopped and cooked.The consumer economy produced new employment opportunities for women as salesclerks and waitresses. The National Consumers League attempted to mobile power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturers to improve wages and working conditions. Refining Leisure In early eras, few Americans had considered leisure a valuable thing. In the nineteenth century, the beginnings of a redefinition of leisure appeared. In early times, Simon Patten feared of scarcity had caused people to place a high value on thrift, self-denial, and restraint.But in modern industrial societies, new economies could create enough wealth to satisfy not just the needs, but desires, of all. As leisure became part of American life, it began new experiences with which to entertain them. Mass entertainment bridged differences of class, race, or gender. There was shopping, saloons, sporting events, theaters, pubs, and clubs. Spectator Sports Among The most important responses to the search for entertainment was the rise of organized spectator sports, and especially baseball. Baseball had great appeal to working-class males.The second most popular game, football, appealed at first to a more elite segment of male population, in part because it originated in colleges and universities. Basketball and boxing became popular as well. Participation in major sports was almost exclusively the province of men, but several sports emerged in which women became important participants. Golf and tennis both experienced a rapid increase mongo relatively wealthy men and women. Bicycling and croquet also enjoyed widespread popularity in the sass. Womens colleges introduced their students to more strenuous sports like track, crew, swimming, and basketball.Music, Theater, and Movies Many ethnic communities maintained their own theaters. Urban theaters also introduced new distinctively American entertainment forms: the musical comedy, which evolved gradually from the comic operettas of Europe; and vaudeville, a form a theater adapted from French models, which remained most popular urban entertainment into the first decades of the twentieth century. Vaudeville was also one of the few entertainment media open to black performers. They brought elements of minstrel shows they earlier developed for black audiences in the late nineteenth century.The most entertainment was the movies. Thomas Edison and others created the technology of motion picture rest. Soon after that, short films became available to individual viewers watching peepshows in pool halls, penny arcades, and amusement parks. By 1900, Americans were becoming attracted in large numbers to early movies. Motion pictures were the first truly mass entertainment medium. Patterns of Public and Private Leisure Many Americans spent their leisure time in places where they would not find not only entertainment but also other people.Thousands of working-class New Yorkers spent evening in dance halls, vaudeville houses, and concert halls. Moviegoers were attracted not just by movies themselves but by the energy of the audiences at lavish new movie palaces, just as sports fans were drawn by the crowds as well by the games. Many Americans amused themselves privately by reading novels and poetry as well. The Technologies of Mass Communication The transformation of publishing and journalism was to a large degree a exult of new technologies of communication.

Squat Lobsters

Squat Lobsters In their book The Biology of Squat Lobsters, Poor, et. al. say that despite the fact that many have not heard of them,  squat lobsters are far from hidden. They say they are dominant, numerous and highly visible crustaceans on seamounts, continental margins, many shelf environments and coral reefs at all depths, and at hydrothermal vents. These often colorful animals  are also featured in many underwater photos and video. Squat Lobster Species There are over 900 species of squat lobsters, and it is thought that there are  many more yet to be discovered. One of the most famous squat lobsters in recent times is the yeti crab, which was discovered during surveys conducted in conjunction with the Census of Marine Life.   Identification Squat lobsters are small, often colorful animals. They can be less than one inch to about 4 inches  in length, depending upon the species.  Squat lobsters have 10 legs. The first pair of legs are  very long and contain  claws.   The three pairs of legs after that are used for walking. The fifth pair has small claws and may be used for cleaning gills. This fifth pair of legs is much smaller than the legs in true crabs.    Squat lobsters have a short abdomen that is  folded under their body.  Unlike lobsters and crayfish, squat lobsters dont have true uropods (the appendages that form the tail fan).   Lobster Cocktail? Squat lobsters are in the  infraorder  Anomura - many of the animals in this  infraorder  are called crabs, but they are not true crabs. They arent lobsters, either. In fact, squat lobsters are more closely related to hermit crabs than to lobsters (e.g., the American lobster). In the seafood world, they may be marketed as  langostino  lobsters (langostino  is Spanish for prawn) and even sold as shrimp cocktail. Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Subclass: Eumalacostraca Order: Decapoda Infraorder: Anomura Families: Chirostylidae and Galatheidae Habitat and Distribution Squat lobsters live in oceans around the world, with the exception of the coldest Arctic and Antarctic waters.   They can be found on sandy bottoms and hidden in rocks and crevices. They also may be found in the deep sea around seamounts, hydrothermal vents  and in underwater canyons. Feeding Depending on the species, squat lobsters may eat plankton, detritus or dead animals.   Some feed on bacteria at hydrothermal vents. Some (e.g.,  Munidopsis  andamanica) are even specialized to eat wood from sunken trees and shipwrecks.   Reproduction The reproductive habits of squat lobsters are not well known. Like other crustaceans, they lay eggs. The eggs hatch into larvae that eventually develop into juvenile, and then adult, squat lobsters.   Conservation and Human Uses Squat lobsters are relatively small, so fisheries around them have not developed in many areas. However, as mentioned above, they may be harvested and sold as cocktail shrimp or in lobster dishes, and can be  used as feed stock for chickens and at fish farms. References and Further Information Aquarium of the Pacific. Squat Lobster. Accessed April 29, 2014.Bok, M. 2010. Wood-eating Squat Lobsters of the Deep. Arthropoda Blog. Accessed April 29, 2014.Kilgour, M. 2008. Squat Lobsters: More Questions Than Answers. NOAA Ocean Explorer. Accessed May 5, 2014.  McLaughlin, P., S. Ahyong J.K. Lowry (2002 onwards). Anomura: Families. Version: 2 October 2002. http://crustacea.net.Poor, G., Ahyong, S. and J. Taylor. 2011. The Biology of Squat Lobsters. Accessed online via Google Books, April 29, 2014.Schmidt, C. 2007. No Matter What You Call It, Squat Isnt Lobster. Wild Catch Magazine. Accessed April 29, 2014.WoRMS. 2014. Anomura. Accessed through World Register of Marine Species, May 5, 2014.

Leon Trotsky - Communist Writer and Leader

Leon Trotsky - Communist Writer and Leader Who Was Leon Trotsky? Leon Trotsky was a Communist theorist, prolific writer, leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution, the peoples commissar for foreign affairs under Lenin (1917-1918), and then head of the Red Army as the peoples commissar of army and navy affairs (1918-1924). Exiled from the Soviet Union after losing a power struggle with Stalin over who was to become Lenins successor, Trotsky was brutally assassinated in 1940. Dates:Â  November 7, 1879 August 21, 1940 Also Known As:Â  Lev Davidovich Bronstein Childhood of Leon Trotsky Leon Trotsky was born Lev Davidovich Bronstein (or Bronshtein) in Yanovka (in what is now Ukraine). After living with his father, David Leontyevich Bronstein (a prosperous Jewish farmer) and his mother, Anna, until he was eight years old, his parents sent Trotsky to Odessa for school. When Trotsky moved to Nikolayev in 1896 for his final year of schooling, his life as a revolutionary began to take shape. Trotsky Introduced to Marxism It was in Nikolayev, at age 17, that Trotsky became acquainted with Marxism. Trotsky began to skip school in order to talk with political exiles and to read illegal pamphlets and books. He surrounded himself with other young men who were thinking, reading, and debating revolutionary ideas. It didnt take long for the passive talks of revolution to metamorphose into active revolutionary planning. In 1897, Trotsky helped found the South Russian Workers Union. For his activities with this union, Trotsky was arrested in January 1898. Trotsky in Siberia After two years in prison, Trotsky was brought to trial and then exiled to Siberia. At a transfer prison on his way to Siberia, Trotsky married Alexandra Lvovna, a co-revolutionary who had also been sentenced to four years in Siberia. While in Siberia, they had two daughters together. In 1902, after serving only two of his four years sentenced, Trotsky decided to escape. Leaving his wife and daughters behind, Trotsky was smuggled out of town on a horse-drawn cart and then given a forged, blank passport. Without thinking long on his decision, he quickly wrote the name of Leon Trotsky, not knowing that this would be the predominant pseudonym he used for the rest of his life. (The name Trotsky had been the name of the head jailor of the Odessa prison.) Trotsky and the 1905 Russian Revolution Trotsky managed to find his way to London, where he met and collaborated with V. I. Lenin on the Russian Social-Democrats revolutionary newspaper, Iskra. In 1902, Trotsky met his second wife, Natalia Ivanovna whom he married the following year. Trotsky and Natalia had two sons together. When news of Bloody Sunday in Russia (January 1905) reached Trotsky, he decided to return to Russia. Trotsky spent most of 1905 writing numerous articles for pamphlets and newspapers to help inspire, encourage, and mold the protests and uprisings that challenged the tsars power during the 1905 Russian Revolution. By late 1905, Trotsky had become a leader of the revolution. Although the 1905 revolution failed, Trotsky himself later called it a dress rehearsal for the 1917 Russian Revolution. Back in Siberia In December 1905, Trotsky was arrested for his role in the 1905 Russian Revolution. After a trial, he was again sentenced to exile in Siberia in 1907. And, once again, he escaped. This time, he escaped via a deer-pulled sleigh through the frozen landscape of Siberia in February 1907. Trotsky spent the next ten years in exile, living in various cities, including Vienna, Zurich, Paris, and New York. Much of this time he spent writing. When World War I broke out, Trotsky wrote anti-war articles. When the Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown in February 1917, Trotsky headed back to Russia, arriving in May 1917. Trotsky in the New Government Trotsky quickly became a leader in the 1917 Russian Revolution. He officially joined the Bolshevik Party in August and allied himself with Lenin. With the success of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Lenin became the leader of the new Soviet government and Trotsky became second only to Lenin. Trotskys first role in the new government was as the peoples commissar for foreign affairs, which made Trotsky responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end Russias participation in World War I. When this role was completed, Trotsky resigned from this position and was appointed the peoples commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918. This placed Trotsky in charge of the Red Army. The Fight to Be Lenins Successor As the new Soviet government began to strengthen, Lenins health weakened. When Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, questions arose as to who would be Lenins successor. Trotsky seemed an obvious choice since he was a powerful Bolshevik leader and the man whom Lenin wanted as his successor. However, when Lenin died in 1924, Trotsky was politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin. From that point on, Trotsky was slowly but surely pushed out of important roles in the Soviet government and shortly thereafter, he was pushed out of the country. Exiled In January 1928, Trotsky was exiled to the very remote Alma-Ata (now Almaty in Kazakhstan). Apparently that wasnt far away enough, so in February 1929, Trotsky was banished from the entire Soviet Union. Over the next seven years, Trotsky lived in Turkey, France, and Norway until he finally arrived in Mexico in 1936. Writing prolifically during his exile, Trotsky continued to criticize Stalin. Stalin, on the other hand, named Trotsky as the major conspirator in a fabricated plot to remove Stalin from power. In the first of the treason trials (part of Stalins Great Purge, 1936-1938), 16 of Stalins rivals were charged with aiding Trotsky in this treasonous plot. All 16 were found guilty and executed. Stalin then sent out henchmen to assassinate Trotsky. Trotsky Assassinated On May 24, 1940, Soviet agents machine-gunned Trotskys house in the early morning. Although Trotsky and his family were home, all survived the attack. On August 20, 1940, Trotsky was not so lucky. As he was sitting at his desk in his study, Ramon Mercader punctured Trotskys skull with a mountaineering ice pick. Trotsky died of his injuries a day later, at age 60.

Physical science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical science - Essay Example Thirdly, fission and fusion reactions possess the capacity turn the energy associated with ordering of subatomic particles into nuclear energy (How is Energy Converted). Fossil fuels pertain to fuels formed out of the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that undergo natural process of anaerobic decomposition and these fuels are chiefly comprised in coal, gas, and oil. It normally takes nearly 700 million years for decaying plant and animal matters to be fossilized upon exposure to extreme levels of heat and pressure into usable fossil fuels which are mostly rich in carbon with coal, natural gas, and petroleum by composition. Being a non-renewable source of energy, fossil fuels may be volatile or non-volatile as materials ranging from those of minimal C to H ratios as methane gas and liquid petroleum to materials with heavier carbon content than hydrogen as in the case of anthracite coal. In modern times, fossil fuels are confronted with the perils of continuous depletio n at a rate that alarmingly exceeds that of their production which implies that renewable substitutes with equivalent advantages ought to be discovered and settled at for corrective resolution (Lecture 10: Fossil Fuels as Energy Sources). Aside from being a flexible non-renewable energy source, according to their structure, depositional environment, and thermal reactions, fossil fuels draw a potential attraction due to the fact that most of world’s reserves of oil and natural gas come from deformed rocks whereas a great quantity of coal may be derived from sedimentary rock layers that do not undergo deformation. Sediments are readily found everywhere on which are comprised marine organic matter filled with oil and gas in high proportions to make opulent fossil fuel amounts. Because of low oxygen concentration on environments in which massive deposits are preserved and coal forms that gather toward bogs and swamps, fossil fuels can be acquired with much convenience. Under natu ral circumstances, fossil fuels are made beyond human intervention since thermal processes may occur spontaneously after decomposing organics goes through preservation to become fossil fuels at a later time. Aside from fossil fuels, renewable alternatives could be wind energy and geothermal energy or heat derived from the earth by means of a natural geologic process. As a form of solar energy, the energy of the wind is found to comprise turbulent masses of air rushing to even out the differences in atmospheric pressure formed when the sun heats the air more in one place than in another. For centuries, wind power has been utilized extensively in pumping water, grinding grain, and producing electricity of the modern age. Wind turbines as major replacements to windmills perform the course of wind power upon conversion of the wind’s kinetic energy to mechanical energy which sustains small to large farms and villages with clean and renewable loads of electricity (Freris, 1990). Mo dern technological advancements in the fields of engineering and science have revolutionized the old design in windmills with a flexible range of

Retail giant in the world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail giant in the world - Essay Example The company has received a host of prestigeous accolades including being named as the â€Å"Retailer of the Century† by Discount Store News and being awarded the Ron Brown Award for outstanding entrepreneurial leadership. â€Å"In 2002, Wal-Mart became No. 1 on the FORTUNE 500 list and in 2003 and 2004, Wal-Mart was named "Most Admired Company in America" by FORTUNE magazine† (â€Å"At A Glance† 4). The Wal-Mart’s history dates back to 1945, when Sam Walton opened the 1st retail outlet in Newport, Akansas with a capital of US$ 20,000. This initial outlet operates a franchise outlet of Butler Brothers chain. Subsequently three more outlets were opened under franchise agreements and profit sharing practices were introduced with his managers, which largely contributed to the rapid growth of the business. Encouraged by the success of his retail business, Sam Walton opened the first true Wal-Mart in 1962 in Rogers Akansas. Expanding the number of outlets based on the success of the initial outlet, Sam Walton replicated the winning formula to grow the Wal-Mart Chain. The company was incorperated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.in 1969. It was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange in year 1972. In year 1990 the company becomes the largest retailer in USA. Its foreign operations start in 1991 with a store in Mexico city. Since then the company has grown locally and intenationally with a host of strategic acquisitions such as the Woolco- canda, ASDA-UK and Amigo- Pueterico.

Cannabis and Food Service Essay Example for Free

Cannabis and Food Service Essay Introduction I.Attention-Grabbing introduction: According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, a recent government survey shows that over 98 million Americans over the age of 12 have tried marijuana at least once in their lifetime. II.Preview of 3 Main Points: Today I am going to give you information about marijuana legalization. There are three main points to touch on. First, what is marijuana and how does it affect humans. Second, when and why did marijuana become illegal? Third and finally, I will speak about the trend of states legalizing marijuana for medical purposes. Thesis/Specific Purpose Statement: Using these three points, I am going to attempt to inform you about marijuana and the movement to legalize it. Body I.Point One: What is marijuana and how does it affect humans? A.Sub-point A: According to WebMD, marijuana, or cannabis sativa, is a naturally occurring plant that contains several psychoactive ingredients, including delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). B.Sub-point B: When THC reaches the brain, it induces relaxation and a feeling of euphoria. It also typically heightens the senses and relieves pain. Transition Now that we know what marijuana is, let’s look at when and why it became illegal in the United States. II.Point Two: When did marijuana become illegal in the United States? A. Sub-point A: According to an article published in Fortune magazine, marijuana has been utilized by human civilizations for thousands of years. It has been a part of western medicine since the early 19th century. B. Sub-point B: Starting in the early 1900’s, states began outlawing cannabis because it had become associated with violence and psychosis. C. Sub-point C: In 1937, through the Marihuana Tax Act, the federal government effectively outlawed marijuana, in spite of objections by the American Medical Association. Transition: So, we have looked at what marijuana is, as well as when it became illegal in the United States. Let’s finally look at the current trend of states legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes. III.Point Three: More and more states are enacting legislation that legalizes medical marijuana. A. Sub-point A: According to the USA Today, when New Jersey passed medical marijuana legislation in 2010, it became the 14th state to legalize marijuana in some form. B. Sub-point B: In addition to this, there are another 14 states that are currently considering legislation that will either legalize medical marijuana or decriminalize possession of personal amounts. Conclusion A.Summary Statement / 3 main points thesis: In review, first we looked at what marijuana is as well as its effects on the human brain, second we saw when and how marijuana was prohibited in the U.S. and third, we looked at the growing number of states that have legalized or decriminalized marijuana. B.Statement tying introduction to conclusion: With a large portion of Americans having tried marijuana, and more and more states considering legislation, it seems that the time has come for a serious debate about the legality of marijuana. Sample Outline Goal: To convince listeners that the often-criticized Campus Food Service is really quite good. Introduction I. How many times have we, as students, complained about Campus Food Service and decided to order in or go out after having previewed that day’s menu? II. By showing how the Food Service on campus keeps costs to a minimum, keeps offering a good variety, and keeps maintaining high quality standards, I am going to prove that Campus Food Service is the best meal program for students. Thesis/Specific Purpose Statement: Campus Food Service is vastly underrated. Body I.Cost is not a valid complaint. A. According Myer Tempel, an outside review company, no one is getting rich off Food Service, since proceeds are divided among utilities, labor, wages, and the cost of food. B. An informal survey shows that Campus Food is comparable in price to local restaurants. Transition: Now that we’ve talked about the cost of the food, let’s move to quality of the food itself. II.Taste is not a valid complaint. A. According to Matt Davis, the Campus Foods coordinator, and supported by Myer Tempel, all foods served are Grade A, fresh daily, and never reused under any circumstances. B. Every Friday night, Campus Foods has an â€Å"international dinner night,† taking us from Latin America to Italy to China. Transition: In addition to preferring tasty food, students also wish for a variety of foods to choose from. III.Lack of variety is not a valid complaint. A. Every day, Food Service offers three entrees and a vegetarian meal, not to mention a salad bar option, breads, soups, and a dessert bar. B. Although Food Service serves a lot of chicken and fish, Myer Tempel says this is because students have requested healthier sources of protein. Conclusion: I. Through consistent efforts to charge students a low price, maintain fresh, tasty standards, and offer a wide variety of food, Campus Food Service is a fair, affordable way for students at the university to dine. II. We are just left with one problem: now that we know all the benefits of eating at Food Service, what are we going to complain about at dinner?

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace :: Workplace Harassment Essays

According to the United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) the definition of sexual harassment is â€Å"Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when this conduct explicitly or implicitly affects an individual’s employment, unreasonably interferes with an individual’s work performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment.† Regardless of position in company or type of candidate it is against the law to make passes or harass one because of their sex or gender. In order to harass a person it does not have to necessarily be physical contact but this regulation also includes any offensive verbal context that anyone may say towards a person’s sex and/or gender. Also, a lot of times sexual harassment is based on personal opinion, meaning what may come off as offensive to one person another may be fine with working. A good example is if a woman is wearing a blue dress and makes a random comment of saying â€Å"I really do love the color blue on women.† All depending how the woman wearing a blue dress perceives the comment will depend on whether or not she feel the person was looking at her and how the comment was said in her eyes. Sex and/ or Gender play absolutely no role in whether or not you can be sexually harassed any side of sexual harassment can be played by any sex and/or gender. A third party of someone that heard or saw the sexual harassment also has the right to file sexual harassment charges, so technically that person does not have to be involved in the situation directly. With sexual harassment there is a very gray area because unfortunately it does not allow teasing, general comments and minuet one on one problem. Harassment is so serious it is a criminal offense, but it also creates a terrible environment for productivity and plays a vital role many times in position movement in the company or organization. Sexual harassment is a form of sexual bigotry and is written into law with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. To be specific this title only extends to that employer of 15 or more workers and is included for everyone from federal governments to employment agencies. Sexual harassment cases are inspected by the EEOC on a case-by-case basis usually after the victim has told or made it obvious that the harasser should stop.

Leonardo de Pisa

Leonardo of Pisa or Fibonacci and the Issue of Moneylenders NFaly Konate Texas A&M University – Central Texas FIN 590 Dr. Mary Kelly Summer 2012 Northern Italy in the early thirteen century was a land subdivided into multiple feuding city-states. Among the many remnants of defunct Roman Empire was a numerical system (I, ii, iii, iv†¦) singularly ill suited to complex mathematical calculation, let alone the needs of commerce. Nowhere was this more of a problem than in Pisa, where merchants also had to contend with seven different forms of coinage in circulation.By comparison, economical life in the Eastern world was far more advanced, just as it had been in the time of Charlemagne. To discover modern finance, Europe needed to import it. In this, a young mathematician called Leonardo of Pisa, or Fibonacci played a crucial role. Leonardo Fibonacci also known as Leonardo Pisano, Leonardo of Pisa,  was the greatest European mathematician of the middle ages. He was born in Pi sa in Italy circa 1170 and died sometime after 1240.Leonardo’s father, Gugliemo, was a customs official and engaged in commerce representing Pisa at Bougie on the north coast of Africa. Young Leonardo consequently received a Moorish education as well as the traditional European education and was introduced to Hindu-Arabic numbers. Later on, he traveled about the Mediterranean visiting Egypt, Syria, Greece, Sicily and Provence, meeting with scholars and becoming acquainted with the various arithmetical systems used by the merchants.In his book, the Liber abaci, which fills 459 printed pages, he explained the most perfect methods of calculating with whole numbers and with fractions, practice, extraction of the square and cube roots, proportion, chain rule, finding of proportional parts, averages, progressions, even compound interest, just as in the completest mercantile arithmetic of later days. They teach further the solution of problems leading to equations of the first and s econd degree, to determinate and indeterminate equations, not by single and double position only, but by real algebra, proved by means of geometric onstructions, and including the use of letters as symbols for known numbers, the unknown quantity being called res and its square census. The book is also largely responsible for introducing Arabic numerals to Europe. Leonardo of Pisa is also considered a Key Player in the Finance because of his introduction of Hindu-Arabic numerals. Finally, he not only gave Europe the decimal system, which makes all kinds of calculation far easier than with Roman numerals, he also showed how it could be applied to commercial bookkeeping, to currency conversions and crucially, to the calculation of interest.References 1) Ferguson, N (2008). Dreams of Avarice. The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World. (Pages 33-36). Penguin Books. 2) MM Del Rosario (no date). Retrieved June 12, 2012, from: http://mmdelrosario. hubpages. com/hub/leonardo-fibo nacci 3) NNDB Tracking the World (no date). Retrieved June 12, 2012, from: http://www. nndb. com/people/922/000095637/

Childcare Essay

4.3 Explain how play and activities are used to support the development of speech, language and communication. Play is vital to a child and young person’s development because it enables them to enjoy learning and promotes their development and also helps with their speech, language and communication skills, their physical, emotional, social and intellectual development. Parents and practitioners need to understand how play supports children to learn and communicate with others, as it supports their speech language and listening skills. There are numerous games you can play with a child, young person in almost any environment and at any time, such as†¦ †¢When traveling in a car, plane or train. †¢Playing in the park, visiting the zoo or other centres. †¢Going to the supermarket or within the local community. †¢In the home, garden or at a setting they attend. When we provide positive interactions, facilities and visit, attend or live in enabling environments we are encouraging and supporting the right atmosphere for children and young people they can learn and develop their speech language and communication skills. As children develop good communication skills, the children will also need to be able to share and discuss their learning with their carers and their peers to help them to develop relationships. We can encourage children by helping them with their own concentration skills how they use their own observations, by listening and interacting with others this will help them to develop knowledge and their intellectual skills, their concentration and attention development. We need to provide a diverse range of resources to enable them to play, learn and develop their communication skills such as- †¢Books -are a great way of developing their speech and literacy skills, you could focus on books with symbolic sounds for early speech, story books to develop language, or looking at pictures and commenting on what you see, and listening to what the child and young person says. Providing a wide range of assorted books in other languages and different font sizes so that children with visual needs or other languages can read and understand. This is important to promote inclusion. We can also provide books in braille or audio and video books †¢Role play- dressing up and pretending in the different role play  areas will expand a child or young person’s creative imagination. They can talk and share ideas through role play and create stories to share and discuss their knowledge, feelings and imagination. When children use multi-cultural resources and new objects in their paly they learn about the names of different foods and other items in the role play area. †¢Music, songs, verse and rhymes- is also a good way to help them with their speech and language as it promotes repetition of words when we sing and talk in verses and rhymes. Children learn through repetition and singing rhymes is a good way to teach language. We can use musical instruments to teach beat and rhythm, fast and slow, quiet and loud which also promotes listening skills. When children and YP are taking part in a group it is enabling them to communicate and to interact with others or one other person. Making up songs at bedtime or bath times creates a good routine for them to join in to develop their skills to communicate. †¢Creativity – providing a wide range of creative materials which are available for children to play with will enable a child or young person to express themselves creatively, they can then share their ideas and how they created their item. It also encourages them to use their fingers and hands and develops their hand and eye coordinati on skills. When they are being creative they can be choosing and making choices and decisions such as paintings, drawing, tracing all these activities prompt communication as they discuss and use the tools to create and also is helping with their fine motor skills. †¢Small world play- when children play with small toys such as cars, trains, planes, animals, dolls, characters and shapes etc. They will use them creatively and make noises and sounds that they make and this will help to develop their awareness of sounds, pitch and tones. When children and adults share these toys they work together and share language and knowledge this supports the child to learn the names of objects and the sounds they make and what they are used for developing intellectual knowledge and also their language skills. †¢Puppets and dolls- children and young people will have grown up playing with. †¢Baking and cooking will-when we use a wide range of ingredients with children and young people they will learn new words about staying safe near hot surfaces. †¢Messy play will-support and allow children to use their senses to investigate and play with assorted messy materials adults and children can discuss senses and feelings and learn how to chat to describe things that they like or dislike. The wide range of equipment we make available and the diverse range of sensory and exciting toys that we provide encourage a child to interact as they play. It provides a fun way to involve and encourage a child or young person to discuss, chat and, develops their speech, language and communication

Lab Report Acid Base Titration Essays

Lab Report Acid Base Titration Essays Lab Report Acid Base Titration Paper Lab Report Acid Base Titration Paper This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the naturalization reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known. Acid-base titration can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. If both are of equal strength, then the equivalence pH will be neutral. However, weak acids are not often titrated against weak bases because he color change shown with the indicator is often quick, and therefore very difficult for the observer to see the change of color. The point at which the indicator changes color is called the end point. A suitable indicator should be chosen, preferably one that will experience a change in color (an end point) close to the equivalence point of the reaction. First, the burette should be rinsed with the standard solution, the pipette with the unknown solution, and the conical flask with distilled water. Secondly, a known volume of the unknown concentration solution should be taken with the pipette and placed into the Monica flask, along with a small amount of the indicator chosen. The known solution should then be allowed out of the burette, into the conical flask. At this stage we want a rough estimate of the amount of this solution it took to neutralize the unknown solution. The solution should be let out of the burette until the indicator changes color and the value on the burette should be recorded. This is the first (or rough) titer and should be discussed from any calculations. At least three more titration should be performed, this time more accurately, taking into account roughly where the end point will occur. The initial ND final readings on the burette (prior to starting the titration and at the end point, respectively) should be recorded. Subtracting the initial volume from the final volume will yield the amount of iterant used to reach the endpoint. The end point is reached when the indicator just changes color permanently.

Quiz How Smart Are You Really

Quiz How Smart Are You Really How smart are you? Have you ever thought that youre smarter than most people? According to difference tests   on  Wikipedia, the average persons IQ falls somewhere in the range of 90-109. What do you think? Put your intelligence to the test with this quick and fun quiz. How smart are you, really?

History of Calculus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of Calculus - Essay Example scovery of calculus is endowed to two amazing mathematicians who were Isaac Newton, a noteworthy British mathematician and scientist, and the self taught scholar of mathematics, the renowned German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz, in the latter half of the 17th century (Ferreiros & Gray 22). The issues as to which mathematician should be held responsible for the discovery of calculus, the scholars happen to be divided. It was both Newton and Leibniz who registered noteworthy discoveries in calculus to be known as being the originators of calculus. As far as Newton’s discovery of calculus is concerned, it was more of an outcome of the need for a practical use of calculus, as he needed a discipline like calculus to solve the pressing problems in geometry and physics (Ferreiros & Gray 72). It was Newton’s endeavor to use calculus as a mathematical discipline that facilitated the solution of the scientific problems he delved on that made calculus possible. In contrast when one considers Leibniz, it was his fascination pertaining to the tangent line problem that made calculus possible (Ferreiros & Gray 72). The notion as to the creation of calculus gave way to one of the most ardently contested rivalries in the world of mathematics that was between Newton and Leibniz. However, the thing that needs to be understood is that calculus as people know it today is the outcome of the work of a number of mathematicians. Although Newton published his Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematics on 5 July 1687, yet the later mathematicians did make many contributions to calculus. The later day addition to the principle of calculus like differential equations and calculus of variations were published a little time after Newton and Leibniz did register their contributions, by mathematicians like Euler, Jakob and Johann Bernoulli (Ferreiros & Gray 72). It was the manuscript published by Bishop Berkley that enunciated the limitations inherent in the works of Leibniz and Newton.