What Are Some Common Misconceptions Of People With...

1. What are some common misconceptions of people with psychiatric disability? What are some strategies or methods that can be considered to help enhance more positive attitudes towards people with disabilities? Consider the history of treatment and the Era of Disability Rights. Explain. a. An opposing questioned introduced is dealing with PWD is what are some common misconceptions of people with psychiatric disability? What are some strategies or methods that can be considered to help enhance more positive attitudes towards people with disabilities? Consider the history of treatment and the Era of Disability Rights. Explain. Some common misconceptions of people with psychiatric disabilities are that the people with disability are not as capable to take on certain tasks that those without disabilities are able to take on. Some people feel like PWD get in the way and are dead weight which I believe is false. As stated in the book early immigration literature and the apparent attitudes and treatment toward PWDs, as well as certain other immigrant populations, were blatantly prejudiced and discriminatory. The anti-disability sentiment became more evident with immigration restriction, which began as early as the development of the first North American settlements. It was after 1838, when a large influx of immigrants came to the United States, that the issue of disability became more pressing to the early American settlers. With the 1891 revised Immigration Act, a keyShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Mental Health Stigma1178 Words   |  5 Pages To many a stigma is a disgraceful flaw, that of a negative presence. In mental health this stigma is overwhelming. Approximately 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in any given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness) People in dire need of help are not seeking it. Mental illnesses are going undiagnosed. The mental health stigma is having a negative impact on the proper diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. A stigma can simply be defined as a mark of disgraceRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1077 Words   |  5 Pagesconfusion, anger, and inability to concentrate like others is what it is like to live with a mental disability, such as Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Commonly known as ADHD, this disease, like many, has stereotypes along with misconceptions that suggest why people are the way they are. This group of individuals are often misunderstood and stereotyped for the way people perceive them. By definition, stereotypes are when people believe unfair things based on a person s appearance. To counterRead MoreThe American With Disabilities Act998 Words   |  4 PagesDisability is a complex word to define. Several attempts have been made to provide simplistic definition of the word however, it just added to more confusion and misuse of what the word disability means. The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) defines disability as â€Å"a physica l or mental impairment that limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual†. There are many different perspectives of what the term disability means from an administrative, clinical, or academic researchRead MoreEssay on What is Asperger Syndrome?2762 Words   |  12 PagesMany people across the world are unfamiliar with disorders associated with autism. Some people do not even know what autism actually is. Asperger’s Syndrome is one perplexing disorder, of countless, that needs to be acknowledged. Although it is one of the more well-known disorders, an understanding of Asperger’s is far from common knowledge. There is an abundance of misconceptions and people unaware of what Asperger Syndrome actually is. Being uncertain about the characteristics of a person withRead MoreDefinition Of Disability, Perception, Service, Delivery, And Services Delivery And Purpose Of Service Delivery1435 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract This paper will be reflecting a particular philosophy in relation to the following definition of disability, perception of disability, terminology, service delivery and purpose of service delivery. It will also discuss Social Minority Model. What exactly is Social Minority Model? It can be described as the social model of disability optically discerns the issue of disability as a convivially engendered quandary and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In thisRead MorePersonal Statement : Mental Health1571 Words   |  7 Pagesdwells from the insight I have been privileged to gain in my current role as a link care coordinator, working with people who suffer from a range of ailments within the mental health spectrum; from learning disabilities, Alzheimer’s, Dementia, OCD, Autism to name but a few. I am inspired to embark on this path because I want to gain an in depth understanding within the Learning Disability and Mental Health field for example professional aspects of care, biological basis for health and well being, identifyingRead MoreMetaphors : Metaphors And Mental Health1706 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"that s insane!† But what effects does such terminology have on those around us? Can what we casually toss around in conversation truly affect those who may be privately battling these conditions? Such language is used in various situations, whether casual or serious. In example, during recent events such as the Boston Marathon bombing, the Sandy Hook shooting, many exclaimed that the perpetrators should be locked up, without thought to whether that meant a prison or a psychiatric facility. Are convictedRead MoreHomelessness Is A Social Problem1459 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals experiencing homelessness across America (State of Homelessness, 2014). Some may be in transitional housing, others in shelters. Some may be completely on their own or with a companion of sorts, others are entire families lacking shelter, food, and basic everyday essentials more fortunate people take for granted. It is hard for anyone to believe that living on the streets could be a reality. The majority of homeless people have been driven into their unfortunate situation by sudden, unplanned eventsRead MoreThe Feasibility Of Miniature Horses Serving As Guide Animals1348 Words   |  6 Pagesguide animals. I know not all people like dogs or don’t trust dogs. What are disabled persons choices in service animals? How about disabled individuals that are allergic to dogs? I will research documents on miniature horses used as service animals, identify the pros and cons of my subject, look for examples demonstrating my subjects abilities, and examine the adaptability of dogs and miniature horses. Significance I hope this study will give handicapped or people who are challenged with everyRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Mental Health1641 Words   |  7 PagesMost people with mental health illness feels diminished, devalued, and fearful because of the prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviours that society held towards them. The stigma associated with mental health illness often marginalized and disenfranchises the affected individuals and families in the society, which means that they â€Å"may experience discrimination in areas of health care, employment, education, justice, and housing†(1). The feeling of fear to be discriminated against limited

Essay about a doll house - 1558 Words

â€Å"A Doll House† Henrik Ibsen play â€Å"A Doll House,† written in 1879, focuses on a story of a disparaging role of women in Victorian society through his doll motif, played out in Nora’s sudden distaste for her home. Throughout the play there are many examples of Nora’s husband Torvald treating Nora in an insulting manner because she’s a woman. Torvald calls her little pet names, and states that she’s frail. Nora does things according to what Torvald wants. Everything is done by his standards. He also doesn’t allow her to have much freedom. He doesn’t let decisions to be made by Nora. Torvald makes comments that suggest Nora could never understand anything, just because she is a woman. These examples show that feminism is a theme†¦show more content†¦She explains that Torvald doesn’t know that she paid for it. Rank leaves the study and begins to speak with Nora and Linde. He complains about the moral corruption in society. Krogstad arrives and goes to the study to talk to Torvald about keeping his job. A few minutes later, he leaves and Rank comments that Krogstad is one of the most morally corrupt people in the world. Rank and Linde leave, and Krogstad re-enters. He tells Nora to ask her husband to keep Krogstad at the bank, or else. If she doesn’t, he will reveal Nora’s crime of forgery to him. Krogstad leaves and when Torvald re-enters, Nora asks him not to fire Krogstad. Torvald says that he must fire him because of his dishonesty and because he gave Krogstad’s job to Linde. The nurse, Anne-Marie, enters and gives Nora her ball gown. Anne-Marie explains that she had to leave her children to take the job taking care of Nora. Linde returns and begins to help Nora with stitching up her dress. They talk for a while about Dr. Rank. Torvald enters and Linde leaves to the nursery. Nora asks Torvald again not to fire Krogstad and he refuses. He gives Krogstad’s pink slip to the maid to be mailed to Krogstad. Rank re-enters and tells Nora about his worsening illness. They talk and flirt for a while. Rank tells Nora that he loves her. Nora said that she never loved Rank and only had fun with him. Rank leaves to the study and Krogstad enters. He is angry aboutShow MoreRelatedA Doll HOuse941 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play A Doll House, there are many references pertaining how a woman was expected to behave and how men were expected to behave in the time that this play was written. Nora’s character first appears to be very â€Å"female†. For an example, she doesn’t have a real job, she spends money carelessly, and she say and do things to make her appear very dependent on Torvald. On the other end Torvald her husband, makes the money for the family and he appears to be the nice one in the house. Role playingRead Morea dolls house1153 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A Doll’s House South University Ibsen’s a doll house centers around a time where men worked and women were the care givers of the home. In a Doll’s House there were some major points made that eventually led up to that one defining moment. The defining moment for me was when Nora decided that she no longer wants to live the lifestyle of being the â€Å"doll†. It starts with Torvalds reading the letter about her borrowing the money and Nora’s secret is finally exposedRead MoreDoll House799 Words   |  4 PagesIn A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen, a woman named Nora is facing a life altering situation that stands to both ruin her social and private life. In dealing with the potential outcomes of the scenario, Nora comes to find that she has been living a convenient mistruth. Nora’s greatest and most damaging lies are lies she tells to herself. As is seen numerous times throughout the play, Nora hides, withholds, and distorts the truth in order to please everyone around her, including herself. Nora is presentedRead MoreA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realize thatRead MoreA Doll s House : Dolls2775 Words   |  12 Pages A Doll’s House: Dolls in Real Life Introduction Today, the accepted roles of both women and men judged by society’s expectations is an extremely controversial topic. Feminism is a battle that many women are fighting, because even though today’s women can be and accomplish almost anything, men often play the more superior role in many relationships. The role of women has been viewed differently throughout different points in history and in different areas. However, many people don t realizeRead MoreAnalysis Of A Doll House 846 Words   |  4 PagesDoll house Nora’s marriage has been a sham ever since the start. By the standard of modern day, she has legitimate ground to leave her husband Torvald. Because Torvald only cares about his image, he treats Nora as an object rather than a wife, Nora has never been taken seriously by her husband, and Torvald only loves her for her appearance. Torvalds image is of great importance to him considering now he is a bank manager, and he will not allow anything standing in his way to ruin this imageRead MoreSymbolism In A Doll House1039 Words   |  5 PagesIf you read Henrik Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll House† from a literary perspective, you will see a story about this â€Å"perfect† family, but if you just dig a little deeper you will see there is a whole lot more to this play than the eye first sees. You soon find out that this perfect family is not so perfect after all. From a symbolic perspective â€Å"A Doll House† is about marriage, respect, feminism, and how Tor vald’s family is like a doll house. Nora’s actions are very shocking to the general public that this bookRead MoreA Dolls House Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesIt has been said that, some people think that it’s holding on that makes one strong; sometimes it’s letting go. In Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House, Nora’s departure becomes the controversial topic of debate for many readers; was Nora Helmer justified in leaving her husband and kids or not? It is argued that both parents are needed for a child to succeed in life and that separation is an act of cowardness. However, several readers also debate that Nora was justified in leaving Torvald and her kids.Read MoreSymbolism in A Doll House1501 Words   |  7 Pages456 The Use of Symbolism in A Doll House Author Margaret Trudeau once said, â€Å"I can’t be a rose in any man’s lapel† (â€Å"I Can’t Be†). This quote expresses exactly what was going through many women’s minds during the 1800’s in Norway. Women had let their husbands control their lives for ages before the 1800’s. Soon, they could no longer stand being the rose in their husbands’ lapel. The women of Norway longed for freedom and began to rebel. Henrik Ibsen’s play, A Doll House, displays what women were goingRead MoreTrifles And A Doll House969 Words   |  4 Pageshundreds were not thought of as important as a man. The role of the woman was to stay home and perform household duties such as, caring for the children and the home. The role of the man was to work and speak for the family. The dramas Trifles and A Doll House, show how two women will commit a crime at all cost and somehow contrast with each other. Trifle is a word which is used to describe something with little importance or value. According to Suzy Clarkson Holstein, â€Å"SUSAN CLASPELL’S ‘TRIFLES’ is

My Good Friend Miguel Rodriguez Essay - 1549 Words

On November 1, 2016, I interviewed my good friend Miguel Rodriguez after eating copious amounts of â€Å"al pastor† at our favorite Taco truck. I interviewed Miguel because he is a strong individual with solid morals and a community organizer in his hometown of Ventura California. Miguel is 32 years old and is considered a non-traditional student at UCLA, we both graduated in June 2016. I am also considered a non-traditional student except I am right at the minimum of the category. Miguel’s years of hard work as a community organizer make him the ideal candidate for an interview because he delivers a unique perspective on education. Furthermore, his narrative encompasses all six forms of capital outlined in â€Å"Whose Culture has Capital† (Yosso 2005). Since Miguel and I are both non-traditional students we both do not fall into the categories established in the Latino educational pipeline (Perez-Huber, et. al. 2015). Sure, we may not have finished college in fo ur years following high school, but we did get those degrees eventually. Furthermore, there is implicit racism in studies like the one conducted by UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center (CSRC). It implies that Latinos need to be more like Whites and it makes Latinos like Miguel and I, that do not complete college in the â€Å"standard† four years, to feel ashamed of ourselves. However, I agree with most of the recommendations from that article, it is the statistics that I take offense with which hinders credibility. Interview BornShow MoreRelatedNarrative Report1636 Words   |  7 PagesTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND JOB PLACEMENT Ayala Boulevard, Ermita, Manila A Narrative Report on the Supervised Industrial Training (SIT) Program Student – Trainee: RODRIGUEZ, Karen Gayle Z. Course: ECET Name of Company: ON Semiconductor Philippines Address of Company: Golden Mile Business Park – SEZ Governor’s Drive, Carmona, Cavite Period of Training: From: October 21, 2010 To: March 20, 2011 I. IntroductionRead MoreIntroduction Hacienda Luisita2919 Words   |  12 Pageswho parlayed his work adventures in Cuba and Latin America into a steamship, companies and trading businesses. He was the most influential Spanish businessman of his generation and counted the Prime Minister and the King of Spain as his personal friends. Tabacalera was a private enterprise he founded with the sole intention of taking over the Philippine Tobacco Monopoly from the Spanish colonial government. This included the Hacienda Antonio (named after his eldest son), Hacienda San Fernando andRead MoreIntroduction to Rizal Course11998 Words   |  48 PagesJune 19, 1861 in Calamba Laguna, the cradle of a hero. Three (3) days after his birth, he was baptized by Father Rufino Collantes at the Calamba Catholic Church, with Father Pedro Casanas as his godfather. Rizal had a happy and comfortable life and good memories of his childhood days in Calamba. Some of his memorable experiences are the daily family prayer during Angelus where all the members of the family gather and pray together and the story telling after dinner. He grew up a pious Catholic owingRead MoreSat Notes6478 Words   |  26 Pagesbuilding crevices, etc. These birds are not very particular about where to nest. 2. Opposite to (It should be â€Å"Unlike†, or â€Å"Opposite of†, in which case â€Å"Opposite† becomes a noun) most people I know, Annie, a good photographer herself, actually enjoys seeing the photographs that her friends take on their vacations. (2006.5.6.26) 26. A. Opposite can t be used to describe people, only locations and abstract things. Use unlike instead. 3. At the reception were the chattering guests, the three-tieredRead MoreFactors Affecting Class Attendance of Selected Bachelor of Science in Cruise Line Operatons Students6991 Wo rds   |  28 PagesFACTORS AFFECTING CLASS ATTENDANCE OF SELECTED BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRUISE LINE OPERATONS STUDENTS A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The College of hospitality Management Eulogio Amang Rodriguez Institute of Science and Technology In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirement for the Subject CL-104 Research Methods with thesis writing Leading to the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management Major in Cruise line Operation by: VEL JOHN L. ARBON LYKA G. DAYANDANTE Read MorePeriod of Enlightenment8482 Words   |  34 PagesAdios 1896 (My Last Farewell) Mi à ºltimo adià ³s (Spanish for My Last Farewell) is a poem written by Philippine national hero Dr Josà © Rizal on the eve of his execution on 30 December 1896. This poem was one of the last notes he wrote before his death; another that he had written was found in his shoe but because the text was illegible, its contents remains a mystery. Rizal did not ascribe a title to his poem. Mariano Ponce, his friend and fellow reformist, titled it Mi Último Pensamiento (My Last Thought)Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDiversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢ Diversity in Groups 58 †¢ Effective Diversity Programs 58 Summary and Implications for Managers 60 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Attitude Toward Older People? 40 Myth or Science? â€Å"Dual-Career Couples Divorce Less† 47 An Ethical Choice Religious Tattoos 51 glOBalization! Images of Diversity from Around the Globe 54 Point/Counterpoint Men Have More Mathematical Ability Than Women

The Symbolic Interactionalism Theory Of Hate Crime

Hate crimes are difficult to fathom, primarily because they involve the unprovoked physical attacking and, sometimes, murder of people based on race and ethnicity. A more formal definition of hate crimes is presented by Shepard (2017, p. 285). As he writes, â€Å"a hate crime is a criminal act that is motivated by extreme prejudice,† This is a very good, concise and accurate definition, nevertheless, hate crimes are not the outcome of unimaginable heights of discrimination. Most people have prejudices and many have stereotypes regarding others, whether it be racial or class stereotypes. Nobody is completely lacking in any form, shape or type of prejudice but, the much greater percentage does not physically attack, beat or murder those whom they†¦show more content†¦Between 2006 to 2017, as reported by O’Reilly, hate crimes targeting Muslims has increased by an outstanding 91%. The average increase in all forms of hate crimes rose by 41% between 2016-2017 (Fariv ar, 2017). Hence, inarguable statistics and numbers establish a very high rate of increase in hate crimes, most especially during 2016-2017, coinciding with the campaign and subsequent election of Donald Trump. There are many theories of crime, with criminologists, psychologist and sociologists, debating whether criminality is an an outcome of nature, as in genetically inherited, or produced by nurture (Brinkerhoff, White and Ortega, 2011). Even though the debate is ongoing, most criminologists, sociologists and psychologists agree that cases in which criminality is linked to nature, are extremely rare. Instead, they emphasise, criminality as a product of nurture (Brinkerhoff, White and Ortega, 2011). This means that people who commit heinous hate crimes were presumably raised in an environment which expressed extreme prejudice towards a certain racial, ethnic or religious group and truly believed that the world would be a better place without them in it, or, at least, without them living in the United States (Brinkerhoff, White and Ortega, 2011). As indicated, hate crimes can be explained through the use of theory and, one such theory is the symbolic interactionism theory. As criminologists were engaged in attempting to

Fanny Mendelssohn Free Essays

Fanny Mendelssohn was one of the greatest female composers to have ever lived. She was born on November 14th, 1805 in Hamburg, Germany. Fanny was a romantic composer and, though only few were published in her life, she composed over 500 works including lieder and piano pieces (Stanton, 1984). We will write a custom essay sample on Fanny Mendelssohn or any similar topic only for you Order Now Fanny was the oldest of four children and the sister of the well-known composer Felix Mendelssohn, with whom she was very close to (Estrella, 2011). Her grandfather was Moses Mendelssohn, a very popular philosopher of the time (Estrella, 2011). Fanny was extremely talented from childhood, but unfortunately was limited due to the negative attitudes toward women in musical professions of the time (Estrella, 2011). As a child, Fanny was trained on the piano by her mother. She once performed twenty four preludes from Johann Sebastian Bach’s â€Å"Well-tempered Clavier† from memory (Stanton, 1984). She was also influenced when she began to study under other composers. In 1816, Fanny began to compose with Marie Bigot in Paris. Later, in 1818, she went on to study composition under Carl Friedrich Zelter (Estrella, 2011). She wrote over 200 lieders, including the famous â€Å"Swan Song† (Estrella, 2011). She also wrote over 200 fugues, preludes, and sonatas. Later in her life, she began to write choral music, including the famous cantata â€Å"Oratorium nach den Bildern der Bibel† (Estrella, 2011). There are many interesting facts to be learned about Fanny as well. It is rumored that when Felix, her brother, played for Queen Victoria, the queen was very impressed. The Queen went on to say that her favorite was â€Å"Italien,† which Felix admitted was the work of Fanny (â€Å"Essentials of Music Composers†, 2011). Fanny was also extremely close to her brother, Felix. Felix idolized Fanny and would seek her out for musical advice and approval on his own compositions (FMH, 2009). In fact, when Fanny passed away in 1847, it is said that Felix later became depressed and passed away six months later (Estrella, 2011). In 1829, Fanny married Wilhelm Hensel, a successful artist and painter (Stanton, 1984). They had one son together, Sebastian, whom they named after Fanny’s favorite composer, Johann Sebastian Bach (Estrella, 2011). Fanny’s musical talent matched, if not surpassed that of her brother’s, but even if Fanny had wanted to pursue a career in music it would have been nearly impossible. Societal attitudes of the time prevented women from holding professions in music. Even her father discouraged her. In an 1820 letter to Fanny, he tells her that, while music could be a career for Felix, â€Å"for you it can and must only be an ornament, never the basis of your being and doing. FMH, 2009). † He encouraged her to take on the more â€Å"conventional† role of staying at home and bearing children. A year later, Fanny married Wilhelm Hensel. She did take on the acceptable role of women at the time, but still continued to compose over 400 more works (FMH, 2009). On May 1847, after rehearsing her brother’s cantata â€Å"Die erste Walpurgisnacht † for a performance, Fanny collapsed and passed away at the age of forty-one, due to a stroke. Fortunately, she lived long enough to experience changing attitudes towards women in musical professions, which aided in a number of her works having appeared in print, and thus allowed her to fulfill her goals of being seen as a serious composer (FMH, 2009). Since Fanny was one of the first female composers to ever have work published, she set a precedent for the emergence of women into a male-dominated profession (FMH, 2009). Much of Fanny’s work is unknown because most of her music was not published, but it is very apparent that Fanny Mendelssohn was and still is one of the most notable and talented female composers of all time. How to cite Fanny Mendelssohn, Papers

Global Patterns

Questions: 1. First, assess the extent to which the chosen industry can be characterised as: (a) globalised or regionalised (as per Rugman) or (b) core Triad-dominated or multi-polar. Then, explore and analyse the underlying factors and forces behind the observed patterns. 2. For the chosen industry, evaluate the extent to which current global patterns of production, trade, FDI and consumption are influenced by nation-states. You are encouraged to draw on Dickens roles of the state and other relevant concepts. 3. For the chosen industry, select and investigate one prominent geographical industry cluster, account for the clusters international prominence (drawing on relevant theories) and explain the role it plays within wider global production networks. Answers: 1.0 Introduction Success of a particular industry highly depends on its present scenario, its rate of production, trade values as well as the flow of Foreign Investment in the particular sector at a considerable rate (Ajupov Kurilova and Ivanov 2015). Consumption rate of the manufactured (finished) products of the particular industry among the people of the country as well as among the people of foreign countries derives the amount of revenue generated by the industry as a whole and its overall contribution in the GDP and economic development of the country(Amighini and Franco 2013). This particular assignment will cover up a brief discussion on the chosen country and a particular industry of the country along with highlighting the impact of the industry on the countrys economy. A brief industry analysis of the industry will highlight the present situation of the industry and future prospects in the upcoming days. Discussion about the production pattern, trade pattern and Foreign Direct Investment will highlight the capacity of the industry and financial assistance received from foreign investors. Consumption pattern of the industry products will highlight the revenue generation of the industry. Applicability of Dickenss role of the state and other relevant theories will focus on the Global Shift and its extent on the chosen industry. 2.0 Chosen country and Industry For this particular assignment, the country chosen is Russia and the industry chosen is the Russian Manufacturing Industry. This particular industry comprises of several industries such as Ferrous Metallurgy, Non- Ferrous Metallurgy, Machine Building, Automotive Industry, Chemical Industry and Light Industry (Berger 2014). Therefore, it can be stated that the entire Russian Manufacturing industry depends on the performance of all these respective industries throughout the particular financial year. Economic development of Russia is highly dependent on the performance and growth prospects of these industries in the upcoming years (Ajupov Kurilova and Ivanov 2015). The assignment will basically highlight on the Russian Automotive industry, a part of the Russian Manufacturing industry. 2.1 Impact of the chosen industry on the economy The Soviet Governments priority in modernization of the Russian industry in the beginning of the 1920 reached its full peak under the systematic central planning undertaken by Stalin. During this particular period, resource of investment was directed more towards heavy manufacturing industries as compared to the light industries (Balcet Wang and Richet 2012). The productivity of this industry started to decline during the phase of the Cold War and the industry reached its point of revival during the beginning of 90s. After reviewing the last quarter of 2015, it has been observed that the total production of the Russian industrial sector declined at the rate of 3.5 % on yearly basis (). Russia is considered as one of the high income generating country with a mixed economy with majority of state ownership in the strategic areas. The Russian Automotive industry has been playing a significant part in the development of the economy and employs nearly 6, 00, 000 people of the country and produced nearly 19 lakh cars in the financial year 2015 (Berger 2014). Some of the largest automobile companies of Russia are GAZ, Avto-VAZ, the producer of lightweight automobiles and KamAZ the leading producer of heavy vehicle in the country. 2.2 Brief Industry Analysis During the 90s, this particular industry was considered to be one of the most slow producing industries in the country. Majority of the Automotive companies operated far below their present operation capability, hence under performance was the main highlighting factor of this particular industry (Rocha Arkader and de Goes, 2015). The commercial vehicles both light weight and heavy weight vehicles were manufactured and sold to the small business corporations. Whereas the diesel - operated trucks manufactured by GAZ had limited service life, hence the industry was termed as unreliable and failed considerably to capture trust and fulfill demand of people both in terms of quality and quantity of the vehicle produced. During the last 20 years, demand of passenger automobile kept on increasing, with no such positive response from the automobile manufacturing companies of the country. Generally, the incapability of self - financing among the Russian automobile makers delayed the production capability and created incapability of further expansion of business. Increasing rate of import from companies like Mercedes, Audi and BMW created further danger for the industry and handful of industries relied on Joint venture or partnership projects with western automobile makers (Ajupov Kurilova and Ivanov 2015). Despite of being hit by the global economic recession in 2008, the automobile industry is considered an industry having political importance. Tolyatti, the mono town Russian city that is entirely dependent on the functioning of the company AvtoVAZ, employing more than 1, 00, 000 people from the city itself (Domanski et al. 2013). The Russian government is also focused on development of this particular industry through technological development and innovation. Presently, after looking deeply into this industry, it can be opined that the Russian Automotive industry is the perfect combination of International and National car manufacturers with the immense capability of fulfilling the desire of cars and commercial vehicles at the highest level. 3.0 Extent of the Chosen Industry regarding Production pattern From the beginning, this particular industry has been hit with high and lows of production, either affected by Cold War or by Global economic slowdown. After shedding light on the phase of 2000 to 2005, it has been revealed that income generation among the people of the country was quite higher that created strong demand of family cars and private vehicles creating boom in the automobile industry. During this phase, nearly 16 lakh cars were sold out of which nearly 8.5 lakh cars were of Russian make (Gonchar and Marek 2013). Increased sales of cars attracted the foreign car manufacturers that facilitated flow of foreign investment in this particular industry. There has been an increased rate of foreign car production in Russia from 1, 60, 000 cars in 2005 to nearly 5, 00, 000 cars in 2007. During this phase, the valuation of the Russian Automotive industry was valued at 14 %, 36% and 67 % respectively during the year 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively, assisting the industry to be know n as the fastest growing automotive market of the world in 2008 (Davies 2014). The Russian government enacted specialized legislation in 2005 regarding establishment of Specialized Economic Zones to attract increased rate of foreign investment from the foreign automotive companies. These companies received adequate benefits from exemption from assets and land tax, tax allowances, protecting the investing companies while having changes in tax slabs. With this particular effort, general Motors, Toyota and Nissan enhanced the Russian automotive industry through investment (Hannola Myller and Kortelainen, 2014). After the economic recession in 2009, The Russian Automotive market lost its previous position with a massive drop in the production figures by nearly 9, 00, 000 units among which production of heavy vehicles like trucks fell to 90, 000 units in 2009 as compared to 2, 60, 000 in 2008. Financial assistance of $ 2 billion was provided to the weak companies along with credit up to $ 3 million to the customers opting to purchase Russian cars (Heinz and Tomenend al 2012). Government subsequently increased the tariff (from 50 to 100%) for importing foreign cars aligning with size and cubic capacity of the engines. The government even provided subsidized pricing strategies, where the new car buyers could receive subsidy up to 6, 00, 000 rubles to keep the flow of car sales within the economy. Still, amidst economic slowdown, Marussia B2 became the first supercar (sports car) to be manufactured and launched in Russia in 2008 and officially started to sell from 2010 from Marussia showrooms from Moscow (Kurilov 2012). The scenario changed in 2010, Russian car manufacturers retained their profit position by selling nearly 85 to 90% of the total cars sold in the country. AvtoVAZ topped the list of the highest car selling companies of Russia during the particular financial year. The major products manufactured and sold by the Russian automotive companies are Cars, Heavy vehicles, and Sports cars from Russian and foreign companies (Lee et al. 2013). However, in 2014, this industry showed signs of collapse when sales of new car plummeted nearly by 14.5%, especially affecting the production of budget cars. Even production of commercial vehicles shrank up to a great extent. Till the last quarter of 2015, the car manufacturing companies in Russia gained a meagre portion of their lost market share, except Toyota that continued its run in the negative figures. (Source: McDermott and Luethge 2014) 3.1 Extent of the Industrys trade pattern The Russian car industry has been hardly hit during the entire financial year 2014-15 with sales figure and production going down significantly. Devaluation of the Russian currency is considered as a major reason behind the drastic situation of this industry. Reducing demand of cars and rise of Russias inflation level of 13% (approx) during 2015 reduced the purchasing power of Russian people (Montemayor and Pirvulescu 2015). At the same time, following the rule of theoretical economics, inflation increased the selling price of the cars hence production of cars slowed down largely. The time span during 2010 to 2013 was the most favorable period for this particular industry where the local people preferred automobiles manufactured by Russian as well as International brands. Increased production, increasing profitability and introduction of new models were the core traits. Increasing demand of cars influenced international car manufacturers to invest and start their manufacturing units in Russia (Montemayor and Pirvulescu 2015). The unexpected slowdown of the economy and increasing rate of inflation forced many car manufacturers to reduce car manufacturing with Toyota and Nissan already shutting down their Russian units for temporary basis. As far as the foreign companies of the Russian automobile market are concerned, International brands like General Motors, Nissan, Hyundai etc has to import spare parts and other accessories that were quite costly as result of devaluation of Ruble. Regulatory changes in the market in 2012, with the Russian governments decision to reduce the import duties of vehicles, tax rates and operational surcharges have potential to attract new investment. Despite of the governments effort and prediction in favor of huge market growth in the upcoming years, declining profitability and reduced demand of cars creates hindrances in trading of cars in the country (Morgenstern 2014). Localization of this industry, specifically on the norms of assembling the International branded cars with locally made engines and gearboxes, in exchange of duty - free import of car manufacturing components until mid 2018. Similarly, negotiation between the Russian government and WTO regarding availing higher duties on new cars and other vehicles to the extent of 5% until 2018 will ease the trade pattern of this industry with expected growth of the automobile component market of nearly 8% on annual basis. (Source: Pavlnek 2012) Foreign Direct Investment on the Industry After favorable market growth of the Russian Automobile industry prior to the financial year 2010-11, renowned international car manufacturers from Japan, Germany and other European countries started investing in Russian automotive market on the basis of increasing demand of cars (Popov 2015). High sales figures and outright support from the Russian government through offering of Special Economic Zones to the car manufacturers witnessed investment of $ 1 billion from General Motors, Toyota and Fiat announcing to produce more than 2.5 lakh cars locally boosted the market. With boost in manufacturing figures from the perspective of foreign car companies, supplier investment on various car spare parts/ components such as car batteries, tires, wheel rims, starter motor, sheet steel, rubber tubes, instrument clusters, seat covers, seats, exhaust systems and car music system were an additional advantage for the local and international car manufacturers of the country (Pavlinek 2012). The Russian automotive market successfully attracted foreign investment up to 2013 based on the governments policy to provide localization support to the foreign brands. However, several protective measures regulated by the Western section (Banks) reduced the limit of FDI in recent times. Critical financial situation and underutilization of the production capacities by these companies have slowed down investment rates. Projected report regarding FDI on the Russian Automotive industry is stated as follows: Production capacity is likely to stay low during the next couple of years with exception for the Chinese car manufacturers Localized production rate will increase and have to be maintained by all the foreign car manufacturers presently operating in the Russian Automotive market Financial support will be provided to every Russian foreign subsidiary companies Sludge in rate of car production and decreased rate of inflow of F D I is the major backdrop of the Russian automotive market as most of the Original Equipment manufacturer of the Russian automotive market is affected by less adapted marketing strategies (Simachev et al. 2013) Handful of companies are strategically bound to leave the Russian automotive market, hence creating outflow of Foreign Direct Investment Consumption influence by the Nation- States With availability of famous foreign automobile makers of the world accompanied by availability of variety of cars manufactured by the Russian companies, manufacturing hatchbacks, sedans and SUVs are reliable as well as economical to the people of the country. Nearly 70% of the cars manufactured in Russia are sold in the country, out of which the ratio of sales of Russian car brands and International brands changes frequently (Simonova et al. 2015). In general, price of cars sold in Russia is quite higher despite of availability of easy financing, provision of financial assistance from the government, Foreign Investment and operation of majority of the car companies in Specialized Economic Zones. Even demand of cars in Russia is at 250 car bookings on average of 1,000 people, which is far below from countries like United States of America and Germany with 750 and 400 car bookings on average of every 1, 000 people (Sorrentino Rizzo and Sorrentino 2014). Figure 1: Sale comparison in Car sale in Russia 2013-2014 (Brandwise) (Source: Simachev et al. 2013) Unfavorable weather conditions, lack of stability of the home currency and presence of inflation in the range of 12- 15% on yearly basis keep the car prices high considerably. The insurance values of cars are higher due to atmospheric instability and constant demand of cost efficient cars is the latest preference among people. Lightweight vehicles for family use have kept the hope alive for the declined condition of the industry (Thomsen 2015). On the contrary, demand of commercial vehicles in the lightweight category is expected to increase due to its wide range of usability. In order to influence the local residents of the country to purchase cars several lucrative schemes and have been initiated, such as: Increased rate of financing through government and private undertaken companies Encouraging the car manufacturers to develop low priced cars (with low maintenance cost) for benefits of the customers Reduction in taxes and offering financial assistance to companies manufacturing heavy duty vehicles like buses and lorries as demand for public transport service will increase with rising population (Popov 2015) Another important turnaround of the Russian automotive industry is expected to be possible with the production of Army vehicles and warfare transport vehicles, as Russia has already entered in to exchange contract of war vehicles with members of the BRIC nations, especially India during 2016-2018. Taking figure 1 in to consideration, it can be observed that the financial situation through sale of middleweight cars have highlighted signs of improvement at a slow pace. Future prospects Welfens et al.(2012) opined that there are some significant factors such as recovery of Rubles valuation during the end phase of 2015, thinning effect of inflation in the Russian and world economy, and decreased price of fuel in the world market will definitely boost up the Russian automotive industry from the middle of 2016. It is already suggested that other significant factors like Net flow of capital, reduction in the level of inflation in the Russian economy will forecast a positive turn around for this industry. Significant supports from the government both financially and through development of technology are the two other factors to guide the industry towards its re- birth (Sorentino et al. 2014). Similarly, Russian made cars will be the choice of maximum number of people as price of these cars will grow less or might remain stable in order to ease the sales figure and pay utmost care in development of the entire industry. Graph 4: Price Hike percentage (expected) during 2016-2018 (Source: Pavlinek 2015) It is expected that Russian and Japanese brand cars will occupy a significant position in the market due to its slack price growth. The market demographics of the Russian car market is expected to be divided based on the factors stated below: Origin Country Classification Demographics Preference rate Price hike (%) avg. USA Sedan, SUV, Hatchbacks, Sports High Income Group High 50% Russian - Do- Middle Class (Income Wise) High 9% European - Do- Age (19-40 years) High 15% Japanese - Do- Age and Income High 20% Table 1: Expected Brand preference of Russian people based on Demographics (Source: Morgenstern 2014) At the same time, it is also expected that the companies will also be able to recover the slashed down sales unit depending on the identified factors of the micro and macroeconomic scenario. (For graph, please refer to Appendix 1). Theories and Concepts In order to highlight the Global Business Shift of the selected industry of Russia, Peter Dickens Global shift has been a significant example based on how development of a certain industry is possible taking into considerations the economic, political factors along with globalization of business scenario (Montemayor and Pirvulescu 2015). As per this particular concept, globalization and technological innovation and advancement are the main source of development of business. Localization and entering in to joint ventures with foreign companies are another important factor towards development of the industry and eased employment opportunities for the residents of the country. Further importance on development of the industry is possible through understanding the economical issues and targeting the business sector based on geographical basis and demands of customers (Lee et al. 2013). Effective need of communication is another important factor of development of a weak industry to find its Midas touch. Dickens model emphasizes on factors like production, trade, investment and consumer preference behind re development or improvement of an industry. The model also highlights the importance on location importance as well as technical and financial assistance of the host government through reduced tax structures, redeemed duty fees for receiving higher rate of investments (Kurilov 2012). Conclusion After conducting the detailed study on the Russian Automotive industry, it is observed that despite of adverse financial condition of the economy attempts from the car manufacturers and efforts from the end of the national government has been the maximum strength towards re-innovation of the industry. Foreign companies have stopped production for time being in order to save their capital loss, but are quite reluctant on providing importance on the identified growth factors to make the industry survive the crisis. Macroeconomic as well as microeconomic factors are favorable towards the future development of the Russian automotive industry in the upcoming years. 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